.. include:: ./../../macros.txt
.. include:: ./../../units.txt
.. _SAFETY:
Safety
======
Risk Assessment
---------------
Depending on the countries of the target application, there are different
standards to regard. In the European Union, the applicable directives lead to
different safety requirements.
These have a variety of risk graphs for the risk assessment. Although they are
only slightly different they are not adaptable to each other. Since the target
country and use of |foxbms| is unknown, the users of the system need to do a
risk assessment on their own according to their concerns.
Some European directives that can be relevant for the |foxbms| users:
- General product safety
- Low voltage
- Machinery
- etc...
Some example of safety standards that might fit the application of the |foxbms|
users:
- IEC 61508 (Functional Safety)
- ISO 25119 (Agriculture)
- ISO 26262 (Road Vehicles)
- EN 13849 (Machinery)
- EN 61511 (Process Industry)
- EN 50156 (Furnaces)
- etc ...
A list of standards that might fit to the target application can be found here:
- https://www.mpoweruk.com/standards.htm
Standards
---------
In order to use the |foxbms| safely, at least the following standards or
similar ones should be regarded:
- DIN VDE 0100-410 (IEC 60364-4-41)
- DIN VDE 0100-600 (IEC 60361-6)
- EN 60529
- EN 50272
- etc ...
Recommended readings:
- http://www.mpoweruk.com
- http://batteryuniversity.com
Safety Instructions Before Using |foxbms|
-----------------------------------------
.. danger::
.. W012
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Risk of electric shock. You need to be an electrically skilled person in
order to work with batteries and assemble battery systems. Regard IEC
60364-4-41, IEC 60364-6, IEC 60529 (DIN VDE 0100-410, DIN VDE 0100-600,
VDE 0470-1).
.. danger::
.. W012, M009
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m009_handschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Risk of electric shock while assembling, repairing, maintaining, servicing
or disassembling the battery system. You need skills in live working in
order to work with the battery system and assemble it. Wear personal
insulating protective equipment.
.. danger::
.. W002, W016, W021, W023, W026, W028
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w002_explosionsgefaehrliche_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w016_giftige_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w023_aetzende_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w021_feuergefaehrliche_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Risk of fire, explosion and chemical hazards through the battery cells. You
need to be a battery skilled person in order to work with the battery
system and assemble it. Use safe cells with CID, PTC and OPD. Use the
battery system in a confined area. Keep sand, water and fire extinguisher
close to the system to fight fire. Regard local fire safety regulations.
.. danger::
.. M008, M009, M010, M013, M014
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m008_fussschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m009_handschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m010_schutzkleidung_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m013_gesichtsschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m014_kopfschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
With an electrical short, battery cells will heat up and explode. The short
might create an electric arc and cause fire. Do not short-circuit battery
cells or batteries. Always cover at least one terminal of the cell or
battery and keep the poles away from each other. Watch out while working on
the cells or batteries. Do not wear necklaces or jewelry to prevent shorts.
Wear personal arc protective equipment (e.g., protection clothes, face
protection, protection glasses, protection gloves). Keep other persons in a
safe distance.
.. danger::
.. W012, W026
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Battery cells and batteries expand and shrink through thermal differences
and through charging and discharging during usage. If the battery cells are
too tight and squeezed together, they can get damaged. The movement of the
cells will loosen screws that might fall down and create an electrical
shortage. A fire might start or other hazards can occur. Leave enough room
between the cells and use locknuts.
.. danger::
.. W012, W026
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Electric short and hazards through reversed polarity or wrong connection
can occur. Be cautious and prevent battery cells and batteries from wrong
connection.
.. danger::
.. W023, W026, M004, M009
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m004_augenschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m009_handschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w023_aetzende_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Electrolyte may cause irritation or intoxication and lead to death or
threaten your health. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) or phosphane (PH\ :sub:`3`\ )
might develop. Wear eye protection and gloves while working with
electrolyte. Regard material safety data sheet (MSDS) from the battery
cell manufacturer.
.. danger::
.. W012, W026
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Old and new battery cells, different technologies or capacities of cells
may vary very much in both voltage and current. This can lead to an
overcurrent or overvoltage same as undervoltage and result in cell or
battery damage with dramatic consequences. Do not use old cells or
batteries with the system and do not mix cells or batteries of different
chemistry or technologies. Change all cells of a battery at the same time.
Do not mix cells within the battery. Use only one type of cell throughout
the whole system.
.. warning::
.. W016, W021, W026, W028
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w016_giftige_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w021_feuergefaehrliche_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w028_brandfoerdernde_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Developing gas from the battery cells or battery systems may cause fire.
Use the battery cells and the battery system only in a good ventilated
environment to ensure flammable and toxic gases will be removed in case of
degassing of a battery cell.
.. warning::
.. W012
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Overvoltage or reverse polarity at the slaves can cause an electrical
short, fire and following hazards. Use fuses on each cell to prevent
overcurrent through the electrical short. The slaves can take a maximum
amount of 12 cells with a voltage sum between 11V and 55V. Beware of the
amount of cells and the cell voltage.
.. warning::
.. W023, M004, M009
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m004_augenschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m009_handschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w023_aetzende_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Chemicals from the battery might threaten your health. Do not touch
chemicals and wear chemical protective gloves and safety goggles. Regard
material safety data sheet (MSDS) from the battery cell manufacturer.
.. warning::
.. W012, W026
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
The soldering heat can damage safety parts of the cells or battery. Do not
solder anything directly to the cells or battery. Follow the mounting
instructions of the manufacturer.
.. warning::
.. W026
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Damaged batteries or cells can cause fire. Use flame retardant materials
in your system and keep burnable materials away. Apply a temperature sensor
to detect over temperature and keep a fire extinguisher close to the
battery system. Do not use damaged cells or batteries.
.. warning::
.. W012
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Parallel cells with an electrical short can cause a large over current and
over temperature that bring other hazards with them. Assemble breaking
elements between parallel cells to avoid the short current.
.. warning::
.. W012
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Overvoltage or overcurrent through charging or discharging can lead to
fire, leakage or explosion. Always use a proper charger for the cells and
the batteries and avoid heavy loads and rapid charges and discharges.
Remove fully charged battery packs from the charger.
.. warning::
.. W012, P008
.. image:: ./signs/prohibition/p008_metallteile_uhren_verboten.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Risk of electric shock through an error in the insulation. Use a ground
fault detector or an insulation monitor and regard IEC 60364-4-41 and
IEC 60364-6 (DIN VDE 0100-410, DIN VDE 0100-600).
.. warning::
.. W012, P008
.. image:: ./signs/prohibition/p008_metallteile_uhren_verboten.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Risk of electric shock while working on live parts. Use only insulated
tools while assembling, disassembling, maintaining, servicing or
dismantling the battery system. Never open battery cells.
.. warning::
.. P003
.. image:: ./signs/prohibition/p003_keine_offene_flamme.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Explosive or flammable environment around the battery cells or the battery
system can start burning or explode. Do not use the battery system in an
explosive environment.
.. warning::
.. W026, M016, M017
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m016_maske_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m017_atemschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Toxic fumes through evaporating electrolyte or other substances through an
electrical short may lead to intoxication, chocking or breathing problems.
Assemble and disassemble the system carefully and keep gas mask or
breathing aid in close environment.
.. caution::
.. M008, M009
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m008_fussschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m009_handschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Heavy battery parts can fall on your feet and sharp edges might cut or hurt
you. Use solid housing and add handles. Wear personal protective equipment,
gloves, shoes and other clothes for working.
.. caution::
.. M003
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m003_gehoerschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
An electric arc or exploding cell may cause loud noise. Wear ear plugs or
ear muffs with other personal protective equipment. Stay out and keep other
persons out of the testing area.
.. caution::
.. M009
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m009_handschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Soldering material may cause irritation or intoxication and lead to death
or threaten your health. Wear gloves while working with soldering materials
and wash hands properly afterwards.
.. caution::
.. M001
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m001_allgemeines_gebotszeichen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Corrosive materials, humidity and gas can lead to corrosion of any part of
the system. Failure of electrical or electronic parts especially safety
responsible parts may lead to other hazards. Keep the battery system in a
dry and clean environment and away from corrosive materials.
.. note::
.. W023, W026, M004, M009
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m004_augenschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m009_handschutz_benutzen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w023_aetzende_stoffe.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Damaged battery cells or batteries may leak electrolyte, especially when
pouch battery cells are used and the pouch bag has been damaged. Put a
basin underneath for dripping the electrolyte.
.. note::
.. W026
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w026_gefahren_batterien.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Undervoltage leads to a damaged cell or battery system. Prevent deep
discharge. Never charge and use again battery cells or batteries after deep
discharge has occurred.
.. note::
.. M001
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m001_allgemeines_gebotszeichen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Cell or battery damage through too low or too high temperature during
storage, transportation or usage. Always keep cells or batteries in their
valid temperature range. Keep the cells and batteries out of the sun and
use heating or cooling to keep the safe temperature range.
.. note::
.. M001, P008, W012
.. image:: ./signs/mandatory/m001_allgemeines_gebotszeichen.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/prohibition/p008_metallteile_uhren_verboten.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
.. image:: ./signs/warning/w012_elektrische_spannung.png
:scale: 50 %
:alt: alternate text
:align: right
Battery cells, battery systems, electrical and electronic parts must be
stored and disposed properly.